Ozone therapy uses ozone gas (O₃), ozonated water, or ozonated oils as an antimicrobial agent in dental and periodontal treatment. It can be applied as a gas, rinse, or within carrier oils.

Laser therapy in periodontics uses focused light energy at specific wavelengths. Common types include the Nd:YAG laser (used in LANAP protocol), Er:YAG laser (for hard and soft tissue), and diode lasers (for soft tissue and bacterial reduction).

Guided Biofilm Therapy (GBT) is a systematic protocol for professional biofilm removal using AIRFLOW (air-powder polishing), PERIOFLOW (subgingival powder delivery), and PIEZON (ultrasonic scaling) technologies, guided by biofilm disclosure.

Locally delivered antibiotics are sustained-release antimicrobial formulations placed directly into periodontal pockets. Common products include Arestin (minocycline microspheres), Atridox (doxycycline gel), and PerioChip (chlorhexidine chip).

Systemic antibiotics are oral medications used as adjuncts to mechanical periodontal therapy. Common regimens include metronidazole + amoxicillin, azithromycin, and doxycycline, targeted at specific periodontal pathogens.

Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) combines a photosensitizing agent (commonly methylene blue or toluidine blue) with a specific wavelength of light to produce reactive oxygen species that kill bacteria.

Chlorhexidine gluconate is a broad-spectrum antimicrobial available as a mouthwash (0.12%), gel, varnish, and as a sustained-release chip (PerioChip) for subgingival placement. It is one of the most studied antimicrobial agents in dentistry.

Cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) is a quaternary ammonium compound used in over-the-counter mouthwashes at concentrations of 0.05–0.07%. It is a cationic antimicrobial that reduces plaque and gingivitis.

Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) is a mild acid naturally produced by neutrophils as part of the innate immune response. It is available as a stabilized rinse for oral use at concentrations of 0.01–0.02%.

Hydrogen peroxide is an oxidizing agent used in mouthwashes (1–3%), gels, and as a component of professional irrigation systems. It releases oxygen that creates an unfavorable environment for anaerobic bacteria.

Xylitol is a sugar alcohol (polyol) used as a sugar substitute in gum, mints, and oral care products. It has been studied for its ability to reduce Streptococcus mutans and prevent dental caries.

Oral probiotics are preparations containing beneficial bacteria (typically Streptococcus, Lactobacillus, or Bifidobacterium species) that are intended to rebalance the oral microbiome by introducing or promoting beneficial species.

Oral prebiotics are substrates that selectively promote the growth or activity of beneficial oral bacteria. Unlike probiotics (which introduce bacteria), prebiotics nourish existing beneficial species. They include certain fibers, oligosaccharides, and bioactive compounds.